From: Subject: Panama and Madagascar home to similar killer ants, frogs / They evolved 9,000 miles apart yet have 13 of same poisons Date: Mon, 22 Aug 2005 20:26:04 -0400 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01C5A757.B8477010" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.2180 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C5A757.B8477010 Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/08/22/MNGT6EB6SC1.DTL Panama and Madagascar home to similar killer ants, = frogs / They evolved 9,000 miles apart yet have 13 of same = poisons = They evolved 9,000 miles apart yet have 13 of same poisons">
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Panama and Madagascar home to similar killer = ants, frogs=20
They evolved 9,000 miles apart yet have 13 of same = poisons

David Perlman, Chronicle = Science=20 Editor

Monday, August 22, 2005

 
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Beware the poison frogs of Madagascar and Panama!=20

Separated by nearly 9,000 miles across the globe and by = millions of=20 years of evolution, both are deadly -- if you're a predator.=20

And if you are, it's best not to sample the diets of those = hopping=20 denizens of the misty rain forests, for both frog tribes thrive on = poisonous ants, both have incorporated the ant toxins into their = own=20 bodies and both have developed a patchwork of brilliant skin = colors to=20 warn their enemies that they are dangerously inedible.=20

The vivid yellow, purple, orange and green frog bodies = virtually shout=20 a warning to would-be predators that they are killers defending=20 themselves.=20

Two biologists, a 25-year-old frog fancier from Cornell = University and=20 a 40-year-old ant fanatic at the California Academy of Sciences in = San=20 Francisco, are studying the two widely separated groups of frogs = and ants=20 to reveal a striking example of what science calls convergent = evolution --=20 the development over many millennia of similar body forms or = behaviors in=20 animals that are unrelated to each other and often widely = separated=20 geographically.=20

Unrelated now, such animals may in fact have descended from = common=20 ancestors millions upon millions of years ago, when continents and = islands=20 now separated were once part of the same land mass but eventually = split=20 away from each other and drifted to the regions where they stand = now.=20

Valerie C. Clark, a Cornell graduate student in biological = chemistry,=20 and Brian L. Fisher, chairman of the California Academy's = entomology=20 department, together with colleagues in Madagascar and the United = States,=20 published details of their unusual frog-and-ant studies last week = in the=20 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.=20

In two months of frog collecting during the rainy season along = the=20 banks of streams in the tropical forest of Madagascar's Ranomafana = National Park, Clark focused on the poisonous skins of three = species of=20 colorful Mantella frogs, all less than 2 inches long, all native = to=20 Madagascar and none found anywhere else in the world.=20

Together, she and Fisher also deftly wielded specialized = entomological=20 forceps to rummage through the leaf litter of the forest floor and = gather=20 hundreds of native Madagascar ants, each no more than 5 = millimeters long=20 -- barely one-tenth the size of the tiny frogs -- and each filled = with=20 similar alkaloid poisons.=20

In the laboratory, Clark analyzed both the captured ants and = the=20 stomach contents of the frogs to determine which ant species = dominate the=20 frogs' diets. She then identified which of many poisonous = alkaloids the=20 frogs and insects sequester.=20

Another research team, led by Ralph Saporito of Florida = International=20 University and John W. Daly of the National Institutes of Health, = had=20 already discovered that the skin of brightly colored poison frogs = in=20 Panama hold the same toxic chemicals as the unrelated Madagascar=20 amphibians, and that those frogs, too, are hungry eaters of an ant = species=20 unrelated to those favored by the Madagascar frogs.=20

Comparing their findings with the Saporito team's report, Clark = and=20 Fisher and their colleagues found that, despite existing more than = a third=20 of the world apart, the frogs and ants shared 13 identical poison=20 compounds. Only three poison compounds found in the subjects were=20 different.=20

What was most striking to the researchers was that the = unrelated frogs=20 in both regions have evolved in nearly identical ways: Both not = only eat=20 virtually the same diets of ants containing the same toxic = alkaloids, but=20 they have also developed skins containing many of the same poisons = emblazoned with varieties of vivid skin color patterns warning any = predator that might be stupid enough to try eating one that they = are=20 indeed poisonous.=20

During Clark's field work, she made another interesting = discovery: The=20 skin of one species of Madagascar frog, Mantella baroni, contains = the=20 toxic alkaloid nicotine, which is known to be synthesized by many = plants,=20 including tobacco and the nightshade family of deadly poisonous = flowering=20 weeds.=20

Clark concedes it's just speculation, but says that the finding = suggests at least the possibility of a singular evolutionary = progression:=20 from a plant containing the poison to an ant that eats the plant = and=20 sequesters the poison to a frog that eats the ant and then = advertises=20 itself as poisonous and dangerous to any predator on the hunt for = tasty=20 cuisses de grenouilles -- frog's legs.=20

On the other hand, Fisher suggests that the original source of = the=20 toxic alkaloids in the ants' bodies might be the even tinier mites = on=20 which they feed.=20

It's a mystery that awaits curious researchers.=20

Whether or not the plants or the mites play a role in this = evolutionary=20 saga, the connection between poison ants and poison frogs is = clear, both=20 Clark and Fisher agree. To Clark, the lesson seems evident.=20

"The frogs have evolved ways to keep the poison down without = harming=20 themselves when they eat the ants," she said in a telephone = interview. "So=20 they've developed a way to protect themselves by their distinctive = coloration. And in a region where selective pressures are high, = they've=20 opened up a totally different niche for themselves. Instead of = hiding from=20 predators or hunting their own prey in the dark of night the way = many=20 other frogs do, there in Madagascar they can just hop around in = the=20 daylight, knowing that predators have learned to stay away."=20

As for Fisher, who is now seeking to create a new center for=20 biodiversity research in Madagascar, this striking observation of = parallel=20 developments in unrelated species of frogs and ants reveals "an = obvious=20 example of natural selection."=20

"Ants have been around for 120 million years, and here's a = fascinating=20 instance of biological and chemical evolution," he said during an=20 interview in his Howard Street laboratory. "The frogs in both = regions have=20 faced competition in their dangerous world, and they've evolved a = way to=20 defend themselves by sequestering toxic chemicals from the ants, = and then=20 letting predators know it. It's a beautiful story."=20

Aiding the research were Valerie Rakotomalalaof the University = of=20 Antananarivo in Madagascar, Christopher Raxworthy of the American = Museum=20 of Natural History in New York, and Petra Sierwald of Chicago's = Field=20 Museum of Natural History.=20

Similar examples of convergent evolution are widespread = throughout the=20 animal world.=20

The giant pangolin of Africa and the giant anteater of South = America,=20 for instance, have developed elongated snouts to suck up entire = ant=20 colonies in a single gulp; they resemble each other, and if both = had a=20 common ancestor at all, it must have lived millions of years ago, = when=20 Africa and the Americas were joined together before continental = drift=20 moved them an ocean apart.=20

Or take Africa's serval cat and South America's maned wolf, who = is not=20 a wolf at all, but a member of the dog tribe. They have uncannily = similar=20 builds, with tremendously long legs for their slender bodies and = large=20 upright ears for acute hearing; neither runs particularly fast, = but both=20 can leap and pounce on their similar rodent prey to impale a meal = with=20 their long, sharp teeth.=20

E-mail David Perlman at dperlman@sfchronicle.com.=20

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inline; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: = 0px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 1.4em; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; COLOR: #666; = LINE-HEIGHT: 2em; PADDING-TOP: 0px } #utilitylinks { BORDER-RIGHT: #666 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 8px; BORDER-TOP: #666 1px = solid; PADDING-LEFT: 8px; FONT-SIZE: 10px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; MARGIN: = 0px; BORDER-LEFT: #666 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 8px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #666 = 1px solid; FONT-FAMILY: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } #utilitylinks IMG { PADDING-RIGHT: 0.3em; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; = PADDING-TOP: 0px } #utilitylinks A { PADDING-RIGHT: 0.3em; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; = PADDING-TOP: 0px } #utilitymenu { BORDER-RIGHT: #666 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #666 1px solid; FONT-SIZE: = 10px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px; BORDER-LEFT: #666 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: = #666 1px solid } #utilitymenu .simplemenu { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; LIST-STYLE-POSITION: inside; = LIST-STYLE-IMAGE: = url(http://www.sfgate.com/templates/types/universal/graphics/greybox5x7.g= if); PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; PADDING-TOP: 3px; FONT-FAMILY: Geneva, Arial, = Helvetica, sans-serif } #utilitymenu .simplemenu LI { PADDING-RIGHT: 2px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; = PADDING-TOP: 2px } UNKNOWN { WIDTH: 166px } #relatedcontent { WIDTH: 160px } #contentobjects { WIDTH: 160px } #poll { WIDTH: 160px } #dropin { WIDTH: 160px } #utilitylinks { WIDTH: 160px } #utilitymenu { WIDTH: 160px } #relatedcontent { MARGIN: 0px 0px 8px 8px; FONT-FAMILY: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, = sans-serif } #relatedcontent H4 { PADDING-RIGHT: 3px; PADDING-LEFT: 3px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; MARGIN: = 0px; COLOR: #777777; PADDING-TOP: 3px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #777 1px solid; = FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; BACKGROUND-COLOR: = #eee } #contentobjects { BORDER-RIGHT: #666 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: #666 1px = solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px; = BORDER-LEFT: #666 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 5px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #666 1px = solid } #contentobjects IMG { BORDER-RIGHT: #666 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #666 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px = 0px 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #666 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #666 1px solid } #contentobjects H4 { DISPLAY: none } #contentobjects A.more { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: block; PADDING-LEFT: 8px; FONT-SIZE: 10px; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; MARGIN: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase; = PADDING-TOP: 8px } .chart { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: block; PADDING-LEFT: 8px; FONT-SIZE: 10px; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; MARGIN: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase; = PADDING-TOP: 8px } #relatedcontent P { PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.4em; = MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0.4em } #relatedcontent .relateditem { BORDER-RIGHT: #666 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #666 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: = #666 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #666 1px solid } #relatedcontent #dropin { BORDER-RIGHT: #666 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #666 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: = #666 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #666 1px solid } #relatedcontent .relateditemcontent { PADDING-RIGHT: 3px; PADDING-LEFT: 3px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; = PADDING-TOP: 3px } #relatedcontent .simplemenu { LIST-STYLE-POSITION: inside; LIST-STYLE-IMAGE: = url(http://www.sfgate.com/templates/types/universal/graphics/greybox5x7.g= if); MARGIN: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } UNKNOWN { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 3px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; = PADDING-TOP: 0px } #dropin { BORDER-RIGHT: #666 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #666 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px = 0px 10px; BORDER-LEFT: #666 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #666 1px solid } #dropin H4 { PADDING-RIGHT: 2px; PADDING-LEFT: 2px; FONT-SIZE: 12px; PADDING-BOTTOM: = 2px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 2px } #dropin H4 IMG { =09 } #dropin IMG { BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: = 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px } #dropin P.item { PADDING-RIGHT: 3px; PADDING-LEFT: 3px; FONT-SIZE: 10px; PADDING-BOTTOM: = 5px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px } #dropin P.simplemenu { FONT-SIZE: 10px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 4px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 4px } #dropin FORM { PADDING-RIGHT: 4px; PADDING-LEFT: 4px; FONT-SIZE: 10px; PADDING-BOTTOM: = 4px; PADDING-TOP: 4px } #adblock { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 8px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; = PADDING-TOP: 10px } #ad1 TABLE { PADDING-RIGHT: 4px; BACKGROUND-POSITION: center 50%; PADDING-LEFT: 4px; = BACKGROUND-IMAGE: = url(http://www.sfgate.com/templates/types/universaltable/style/adheader-s= m.gif); PADDING-BOTTOM: 4px; BORDER-LEFT: #fff 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: = 4px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat } #boxad { MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px } P.adheader { PADDING-RIGHT: 2px; DISPLAY: none; PADDING-LEFT: 2px; PADDING-BOTTOM: = 2px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #888888; PADDING-TOP: 2px; TEXT-ALIGN: left } #skyad { BACKGROUND-POSITION: center 50%; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: = url(http://www.sfgate.com/templates/types/universaltable/style/adheader-s= m.gif); BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; TEXT-ALIGN: center } #skyad .adheader { TEXT-ALIGN: center } #buychronicle { DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 10px; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, = sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left } #wellsfargo { BORDER-RIGHT: #ffcc33 2px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; BORDER-TOP: = #ffcc33 2px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; FONT-SIZE: 10px; PADDING-BOTTOM: = 5px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px; BORDER-LEFT: #ffcc33 2px solid; WIDTH: 144px; = PADDING-TOP: 5px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ffcc33 2px solid; FONT-FAMILY: = Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } #wellsfargo SCRIPT { FLOAT: left } #wellsfargo NOSCRIPT { FLOAT: left } #wellsfargo P { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: = 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px } UNKNOWN { WIDTH: 131px } #wellsfargo A:link { COLOR: #dd0000 } #wellsfargo A:hover { COLOR: #880000 } #footer { BORDER-TOP: #777 1px solid; FONT-SIZE: 10px; MARGIN: 0px; TEXT-ALIGN: = left } UNKNOWN { FONT-SIZE: 10px } #footer TD { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 8px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; = PADDING-TOP: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #cc3333 } #footermenu { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 1em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; = BORDER-LEFT: #fff 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #cce5e5 } .backtotop { PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; DISPLAY: block; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75em; PADDING-TOP: 0.4em } #footer #chroniclemenu { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75em; FLOAT: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: = 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0.25em } #footer #sectionmenu { FLOAT: left } ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C5A757.B8477010 Content-Type: text/css; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.sfgate.com/templates/types/Default/style/basic.css .simplelist { MARGIN-LEFT: 20px } UNKNOWN { MARGIN-LEFT: 0px } .simplelist LI { LIST-STYLE-IMAGE: = url(/templates/types/universal/graphics/greybox5x7.gif); COLOR: #555; = LIST-STYLE-TYPE: square } UNKNOWN { MARGIN-LEFT: 15px } UNKNOWN { MARGIN-LEFT: -20px } DL.simplelist { MARGIN: 0px } .simplelist .item { MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px } .simplelist DT { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BACKGROUND-POSITION: left 50%; PADDING-LEFT: 10px; = BACKGROUND-IMAGE: = url(/templates/types/universal/graphics/greybox5x7.gif); PADDING-BOTTOM: = 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat } .simplelist DD { MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px -20px } .simplelist DD { MARGIN: 0px } .simplemenu { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: = 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px } .simplemenu LI { LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none } .inlinemenu { PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.4em; = MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0.4em; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none } #dummy { =09 } .inlinemenu LI { PADDING-RIGHT: 2em; DISPLAY: inline; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: = 0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px } .articlelist { MARGIN: 0px } .articlelist .item { CLEAR: both; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.8em } .articlelist DT { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12pt } .articlelist DT A { FONT-WEIGHT: bold } .articlelist DD.subtitle { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN: 0px } .articlelist DD.description { FONT-SIZE: 10pt; MARGIN: 0px } .articlelist DD.date { FONT-SIZE: 9pt; MARGIN: 0px } .articlelist DD.biline { FONT-SIZE: 9pt; MARGIN: 0px } .articlelist IMG { FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 0.4em 0px 0px } .twocol { MARGIN: 0px 0px 1em } .twocol1 { PADDING-RIGHT: 0.5em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.5em; FLOAT: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: = 0.5em; PADDING-TOP: 0.5em } .twocol2 { PADDING-RIGHT: 0.5em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.5em; FLOAT: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: = 0.5em; PADDING-TOP: 0.5em } .twocol2 { MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 1em } .clear { CLEAR: both; FONT-SIZE: 0.1em; LINE-HEIGHT: 0.1em } ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C5A757.B8477010 Content-Type: text/css; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.sfgate.com/jobs/style/topjobs.css #topjobs { BORDER-RIGHT: #888 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #888 1px solid; FONT-SIZE: = 7.5pt; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; BORDER-LEFT: #888 1px solid; = BORDER-BOTTOM: #888 1px solid; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, = sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left } #topjobs H3 { MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #888 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: center } #topjobs H3 { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 8.5pt; = BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/jobs/graphics/bkg-topjobs.gif); PADDING-BOTTOM: = 8px; PADDING-TOP: 8px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-COLOR: = #eee } #topjobs DL.simplelist { MARGIN: 5px } #topjobs .item { PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #999 1px solid } #topjobs .firstitem { MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10px } #topjobs .firstitem { PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #999 1px solid } #topjobs .lastitem { MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10px } #topjobs .item DT { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/templates/types/generic/graphics/blacktri.gif) } #topjobs .firstitem DT { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/templates/types/generic/graphics/blacktri.gif) } #topjobs .lastitem DT { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/templates/types/generic/graphics/blacktri.gif) } #topjobs .simplemenu { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; = PADDING-TOP: 0px } #topjobs .simplemenu { PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; BORDER-TOP: #888 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; PADDING-TOP: 5px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #eee } #topjobs A { COLOR: #006 } #topjobs A:link { COLOR: #006 } #topjobs A:visited { COLOR: #616188 } #topjobs DD.company A:hover { COLOR: #444 }